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Alexander's strategy of capturing the Persian Mediterranean ports left them without a navy to threaten Greece and so left him free to concentrate all his Macedonian and Greek forces against the Persian army.

Persian infantry could not stand up to Greek armoured infantry. Alexander's execution of the Greek mercenaries in the service of Persia after the battle of Granicus deterred the flow of Greek armoured infantry to fill this void in the Persian army.

Alexander's capture of the Persian treasury after the battle of Issus gave him the funds to pay and feed his cash-strapped army, and keep it intact and augmented for the deciding battle at Gaugamela.

Alexander's integration of armoured infantry-light infantry-cavalry provided an effective counter-balance to the dominant Persian cavalry.

Alexander organised his campaigns in line with the seasons, making his moves at harvest times to overcme the impossible logistics problems of providing food and forage across long land distances in a pre-motorised age.

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Q: What were five things that caused the Persian Empire to fall?
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