There were significant land gains; the United States gained California, New Mexico, Texas, and later on, the Gadsden Strip.
Two of the most important effects of the American victory were the acquisition of California and New Mexico.
California changed hands from Mexico to the U.S.
The Mexico Cession gave the US most of the west and forced the Mexicans to accept the border with Texas as the Rio Grade.
The cause was the Annexation of Texas and the consequence was that the US acquired California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona.
None. At the time (1754-1763), the territories now comprising New Mexico were part of the Spanish empire (specifically, of the New Spain).
The Wilmot Proviso was designed to outlaw slavery in territories acquired from the War of Mexico. One of the effects was a political party that became dedicated to stopping the spread of slavery.
It became a part of the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
For Mexico, there was no positive effects at all. For countries such as the United States and France, it meant economic opportunities (at the cost of many lives and in detriment of Mexico, of course).
Which war? Mexico has had many wars throughout its past.
Well the most famous war with Mexico was to get the land of what is now Texas. So if we didn't have that war with Mexico there would be no Texas.
Mexico lost.
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