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Most Arabs had been fighting intensively for centuries prior to the Rise of Islam, which meant that a huge percentage of the population could be mobilized for warfare. Additionally, the Early Caliphate conquered territories quite easily due to coordinated mounted attacks (horseback raids). Additionally, prior to Mohammed, Arabia had been seen as a cultural and political backwater barely worth notice and therefore Mohammed's consolidation of the Arab Tribes was not seriously considered by the Byzantine and Sassanian Empires. This lead to a very porous southern defense and miscalculation of the Islamic Armies.

Arab Tribes and warriors owed their loyalty to their Sheikhs and leaders without fault because the Sheikh provided each person with all of the amenities and protection necessary to live a full life. Whenever the Arabs went to war, the Sheikhs could count on the ability to muster their tribesmen as soldiers without issue.

In the Ottoman Period, the Ottoman Sultans used many modern devices of war such as cannons, uniforms, unit formations, and complex strategies to win victory over the Byzantine, Bulgarian, Serbian, and Hungarian Empires.

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Q: What were the strengths of the Islamic empire?
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