You would suffocate and die, assuming you were sucked out of a spaceship without a pressurized suit. Your organs and body would swell to 2-5 times normal size but not explode. If you could stay alive long enough you might experience various other issues, such as burning from direct sunlight, freezing from temperatures in space, and problems from decompression. Contrary to popular belief, your blood would not boil, and actually short exposures to space could be possible.
Very bad luck if he is not tied to the ship somehow. He will continue to drift away.
The presence or absence of spacecraft near Mars will have no effect whatsoever on the planet's gravitational field.
Everywhere.
You can't you will probably fall in Jupiter and die. And why it's made of burring gases. so don't do it!
It's technically possible. But right now, there is no program, research, design, budget, funding, or planning going on to make it happen.
You get electrocuted.
Since the anvil is more than twice as massive as the astronaut, the astronaut will move much more rapidly than the anvil, as they both move in opposite directions following the astronauts push. And chances are, the massive anvil with then collide with the astronaut's spacecraft, doing horrendous damage, and the foolish astronaut will then be unable to safely return to Earth. So when you are in outer space, be careful with your anvil. I wouldn't go throwing it around at random.
Assuming that you are in a spacecraft when you are cut, you will still bleed. As long as your heart is beating, the blood pressure created by the heart will force the blood out of the wound. Of course, if enough of the blood comes out, it will behave like water... float around in globules. Now if you are outside of the spacecraft and without a protective space suit, you wouldn't even need to worry about it since you will instantly die since the pressure within your body pushing out will be greater than the air pressure pushing in (there is no air in space and therefore no air pressure) and you will explode before you could even worry about being cut.
The gravitational pull between earth and the spacecraft will become insignificant.
the anvil will fall down
Assuming the astronaut is doing a spacewalk, if s/he is not provided with an alternate oxygen source within several minutes, the astronaut will die of asphyxia.
decreases
The presence or absence of spacecraft near Mars will have no effect whatsoever on the planet's gravitational field.
Nothing.
Because without fun of some sort, an astronaut's life would be pure stress. Unless you relieve that stress, then you start impairing your performance. The same can happen with earthbound people who have high-stress jobs or are in high-stress situations.
He has a fit because of stress levels.
it will continue to follow the motion of the satellite
The astronaut would freeze because black is a good absorber and radiator. So, as it absorbs heat, it gives it away. The astronaut would loose a lot of heat very quickly.