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The first vehicle, recognisable as a military tank is considered to be that developed by the French in 1903 as "The Levavasseur project".
The first fully constructed prototype armoured vehicle was built by the British in September 1915 and ultimately through a number of developmental stages as the Mark 1 Tank. French tank development took place separately, at roughly the same time as the British.
The first use of tanks in battle was made by the British Army during World War 1 in the Battle of Flers-Courcelette (the third and final offensive mounted by the British during the Battle of the Somme) which commenced on the 15th of September 1916.
There is nothing to support Joseph Hawker's claim except the word of a Press Officer at the Museum in Chard, where Hawker lived for a while. Many engineers designed types of what we now call caterpillar tracks, from the 18th century onwards. Hawker's track system was just one, and was not even a true caterpillar, simply a type of footed wheel. His design did not include any other of the Tank's attributes - armour or armament.
There are many claimants. Vehicles very like Tanks (i.e. an armoured body containing armament, powered by an internal combustion engine, and travelling on caterpillar tracks) were designed in France, Austria, Russia, and Australia between 1900 and the outbreak of WWI. One was also contemplated in Great Britain. However, no Army or government chose to pursue the idea.
After the start of WWI, the British and French both began building Tanks. In Britain the most significant figures were Sir Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt, Major Ernest Swinton, and Willliam Tritton. It was Swinton and Tritton who jointly designed and built the prototype that became the Tank Mark I. In France, the likeliest candidate is Colonel J.B.E. Estienne, who had plans drawn up and persuaded the military to build them. The French and British projects were neck-and-neck, although it was the British who first used Tanks on the battlefield.
This is a difficult question (depending on whether you mean the idea, the design, trials, or prototypes) but the fairest answer is: 1915.
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