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Depending on the agency or section you are in, they may have various policies and guidelines about what Linux distributions are to be used or not. If you work in security or defense, they may have special standards that the distro is required to meet.
For Microsoft it has be either server 2003 or server 2008. Stay from the sbs, home server, web edition or whatever else. All these other products are pretty much just watered down versions of server 2003 and 2008 For Linux, I cant speak from personal experience. But one thing I have noticed over the years is that people will take a liking for a certain Linux distro and that's it. As far as they are concerned their distro is the best. BTW: FreeBsd seems to be highly recommended.
Whichever distro you're most comfortable with.
Linux Mint to learn. Ubuntu for gamers/programmers & Kali Linux for penetration testers and hackers.
Linux can run with virtually any hardware configuration, but it is best to check the system requirements for your Linux distro.
There are many media players available for Linux. The best location to download them is from your distro's package repository.
Kernel, but I guess when you will learn, you will have to switch (Ubuntu for programmers and gamers and Kali Linux for penetration testers and hackers)
There are many different websites that distribute a variety Linux operating systems. The most popular place for desktop distributions computers is Ubuntu.
Linux cannot be learned from reading a book. It can only be learned by hands-on experience. If you really want to get into the guts of Linux, get the Linux From Scratch manual. This manual will instruct you in building your own Linux distro from the ground up.
There aren't many good Linux distros that work well on notebook computers. However if Ubuntu is the standout choice if you really want Linux on your LapTop computer.
I'd go with Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL).
I'm assuming you are referring the Linux operating system. Linux is 100% free. If you pay a penny for it, get your money back. There are hundreds of different distributions of Linux. Some of the best beginner distro's are Ubuntu and Linux Mint. Check the related links below.