The word you're looking for is "motion".
an object at rest continues to be at rest ( inertia ) until an outside force is applied to begin motion : an object in motion continues in the same motion ( inertia ) until an opposing force is applied to change the direction ( vector ) or to stop the motion...the weight ( mass ) of the object is directly related to the amount of energy required to be motion, change motion or stop motion....
Sure. A pendulum and a park swing both have constant acceleration due to gravity, and the direction of their velocity changes over and over again until they're stopped.
Concentration gradient. After there's no concentration gradient, equilibrium occurs, which means no more diffusion.
Yes. A moving object travels in a straight line at constant speed until a net force acts on it. However, the direction will only change if the force is in a different direction then the motion.
An object in space won't float off in any direction unless it is pushed. When it is it will go in the direction it is pushed and continue until it is either pushed again or bumps into something.
inertia the tendency of an object to resist being moved or, if the object is moving, to resist a change in speed or direction until an outside force acts on the object.
friction
For an object in motion, a force applied in the direction of the movement of the object would propel it further along that direction. The force should be equal or more than the momentum of the object. If a force in applied against the moving object in a direction opposite to the movement of the object, the velocity of the moving object is hampered. How much this decrease in velocity would occur would depend on the amount of the opposing force. If a sufficiently large force in an opposing direction is applied, it can even stop the object. If the force is not along or opposite the movement of the object, the force can change the direction of the object. If the force that was causing the movement of the object is removed, the object slows down, until it finally stops. For an object at rest, a sufficient amount of force can set the object in motion.
In order for a force to make something stop it has to turn off when the object stops. Gravity can't be turned off so its not very good at stopping things. It can, however, stop things for a brief instant. Like if you shoot something straight up. Gravity will slow it down until it stops. But ,of course, it doesn't stay stopped. That same gravity will immediately pull it back down. When a falling object hits the ground and stops its not gravity that stopped it. Its the molecular forces that make the ground hard that stops it.
Propel an object into the air and measure the direction and distance it goes in. Or use the good old lick your finger and point it in the air until you find the direction of wind.
It will USUALLY pull the object backwards, in relation to the direction of the motion. This assumes that the material with which it has friction, moves slower than the object you are considering. However, if you put material on a conveyor belt, the force of friction, of the object with the conveyor belt, will pull it FORWARD until the object has the same speed as the conveyor belt.
An object is stationary until a force acts on it, then when a force acts on it it will keep going the same direction and speed forever, until another force acts on it.