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Pioneer Venus was actually a pair of probes. Pioneer Venus 1 was an orbiter, while Pioneer Venus 2 contained a large surface probe and three smaller probes. The orbiter arrived at Venus on December 4, 1978. The probes entered the atmosphere on December 9, 1978. All of the probes returned data from the atmosphere, but only 1 (one of the small probes) transmitted after impact.

The USSR (Russia) had already retrieved telemetry from the surface as early as their Venera 7 probe on December 15, 1970. Venera 9 returned the first photos from the surface on October 22, 1975. These larger Soviet landers had been hardened against the immense pressure and intense heat. The pressure at the surface is 93 times as much at sea level on Earth, and the average temperature is 460°C (860°F).

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13y ago

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