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The coolant level in a Northstar is checked by taking the top off the surge tank when the engine is cold. The coolant should be about 1 to 2 inches down. If you can dip a finger in and get it wet, you're fine.
If the engine coolant is rusty color you would need to have the engine cooling system flushed and then a new 50 / 50 mixture of preferably distilled water and antifreeze used to refill the system
The engine coolant should be flushed at around 3-5 years - although I would not recommend the 5 years.Keep an eye on coolant reservoir in the engine compartment - if there's any sign of it getting "ugly" - brownish, discolored, yucky - have the system flushed and refreshed.See "Related Questions" below for more
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If you waited until the coolant is brown you waited too long. Have the system professionally flushed at that point.
If coolant needs to be added and the owner does not know what kind is already in the engine, it should be drained and flushed before adding any new. Most coolants are appropriate, but it is not recommended to mix brands or types. Use a coolant safe for aluminum blocks or buy Yamaha brand coolant specifically for your model. The coolant should be premixed 50/50 or if it is not premixed, mix it 60% coolant and 40% water before adding.
There could be many reasons. Not enough coolant or bad flow, faulty thermostat, low oil. If the coolant freezes then it will overheat. If your car continues to overheat then you should have the coolant flushed and thermostat replaced.
The coolant should circulate through the entire water system.
It will contaminate the engine coolant and could change the properties of the antifreeze...you should have the cooling system flushed and refilled at a good repair shop...it is recommended by most car manufacturers that you have the cooling system flushed ever 2 years anyway.
Most vehicles have a coolant reservoir (a clear plastic tub) with a phrase "engine coolant only" printed on the cap. This is where you should add engine coolant.
The original coolant would have been "DexCool". The cooling system should be flushed and coolant replaced every 5 years or 100K miles if you use DexCool.
3, 5, 10 years. It depends on the type of coolant used.