jews.
Poland - apex
They were persecuted in Western Europe and moved eastwards to Poland, which was very tolerant in the Middle Ages and early modern times.
The Jews maintained a high level of literacy during the Middle Ages, and had their own schools, with the goal being universal education. These schools were informally constituted, and were more like home schooling than state run schools of today. The European Jewish community made great contributions in philosophy during the Middle Ages, probably out of proportion to any other group of people.
There were a lot of Muslims in Spain during the Middle Ages, and in the Balkans during the late Middle Ages. There were a lot of Jews through many parts of Europe during much of the Middle Ages. In the start of the Middle Ages, there were still some pagans in the area that had been the Roman Empire, and pagans remained in northern and eastern Europe. There were other Christian groups. The Coptic Orthodox Church and the Oriental Orthodox Church were two that remain today. There were also other Churches, like the Celtic Church, and a variety of heretical organization, such as the Cathars, that were more ephemeral.
Poland
The Jews
jews.
Poland - apex
jews
The people who took refuge in Poland during the Late Middle Ages were Jews form various parts of Western Europe. There is a link to an article on the history of Jews in medieval Poland below.
They were persecuted in Western Europe and moved eastwards to Poland, which was very tolerant in the Middle Ages and early modern times.
Jews
The Jews maintained a high level of literacy during the Middle Ages, and had their own schools, with the goal being universal education. These schools were informally constituted, and were more like home schooling than state run schools of today. The European Jewish community made great contributions in philosophy during the Middle Ages, probably out of proportion to any other group of people.
No, none of her various peoples were forced to migrate, though during the famines in the beginning and middle of her reign she excluded the Jews - who were not considered citizens - from emergency rations.
Theodore L. Steinberg has written: 'Jews and Judaism in the Middle Ages' -- subject(s): History, Intellectual life, Jews, Judaism 'Reading the Middle Ages' -- subject(s): History and criticism, Medieval Literature 'Jews and Judaism in the Middle Ages (Praeger Series on the Middle Ages)'
Jews were generally used as money-lenders in the Middle Ages because Christians were not allowed to lend money. In spite of this, there was still a lot of persecution. This varied by area. Roman rulers, for example, tended to be more lenient than others.