The great majority of Jews today, some 80% or so, are descended from the tribe of Judah (plus converts and descendents of converts). The remaining 20% include Levites (from the tribe of Levi), Cohanim (also a part of the Levites), and a small percentage from every one of the remaining tribes. (When the Ten Tribes were carried off into Assyria and didn't return, a few of them had already mixed into the tribe of Judah before that, through marriage.)
No. The tribes didn't exist in Abraham's generation. -- The "12 tribes" were descended from the children (and 2 grandchildren) of Jacob. -- Jacob was Abraham's grandson.
That would be nearly impossible to answer here. There literally were thousands of Indian tribes. The tribes were part of Nations and the clans were part of tribes. Thousands of tribes still exist today.
Israel, today, is a vibrant and viable country. Countries do not become extinct, though they can cease to exist.
Had the Kingdom of Israel not split after the death of King Solomon, the Ten Tribes would be with us today.
'Garoghlanian' tribes do not exist.
The prophet Jacob was renamed Israel. Israel had 12 sons who formed the 12 Tribes of Israel. The word Israelite refers to the 12 Tribes of Israel, descendants of Jacob/Israel.
No. All twelve tribes are from Israel. They are known as the twelve tribes of Israel, they all descend from Abraham's grandson who was named Israel. There are some offshoot religions that claim to be one of the tribes, or a "lost tribe" of Israel, but blood tests have proven they do not descend from Israel.
The Paiute tribes still exist today in the area known as the "Great Basin". Due to the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the majority of the tribes are federally recognized.
First, there aren't 12 Tribes any more. 10 of the 12 tribes assimilated into Babylonian culture during the era of the first captivity, in the 6th Century BCE. Jews today return to Israel at a rate of about 15,000 people per year, though the number has been increasing in recent years.
Israel
After Solomon's death, Israel split into the two kingdoms of Judah and Israel. Israel now had ten tribes and Judah had two.
All 12 tribes of Israel spoke Hebrew, with varying dialects.All 12 tribes of Israel spoke Hebrew, with varying dialects.