Fourth Amendment.
There is no consent needed from anybody when there is a valid search warrant in play. The court gives the police the right to search by granting the search warrant.
If they have probable cause, one is not needed.
The police need a Search Warrant to enter a private residence in order to collect evidence unless they have reasonable cause.
Under the Constitution, which is the law of the land in the USA, Search and Seizure is legal when the police have received a search warrant normally signed by a local judge. There are some situations, depending on the jurisdiction (where the search takes place) in which the police don't require a search warrant signed by a judge.
No, police generally need a warrant to legally conduct a raid on a home. The Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects against unreasonable searches and seizures, and a warrant is typically required unless there are specific exceptions, such as extenuating circumstances or a valid consent to search.
A warrant is an order for an arrest issued by the court. But many arrests do not need a warrant. If you punch someone in the face, and police are called, you will be arrested without a warrant, and one will not be needed. If say, you failed to show up in court, then a warrant for your arrest will be issued, to alert all officers that you should be arrested on sight. So the warrant itself is not the thing 'allowing' you to be arrested.
They must provide a judge with probable cause to do a search.
Yes. The police can search any items if they have a warrant. It does not matter that no one is there to receive the warrant. The police only have to leave a copy of the warrant at the residence.
If the basement is attached to the structure it is considered to be part of the structure, and no separate search warrant is needed.
It's not case law, it's required in most cases by the Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution.
No.
Ive heard of police with a search warrant finding something non-related to the search warrant, and then issuing a new search warrant on the spot regarding the new issue.