The network interface cards (NICs) connectors cables
Hubs and repeaters operate at the Physical Layer of the OSI Model. The Physical Layer is the first layer of the OSI Model.
Hubs are a physical layer (layer 1) device; most switches operate at the Data Link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.
1. Repeaters (Operate at the OSI Physical Layer).2. Bridges (Operate at the OSI Data Link Layer).3. Routers {and Brouters} (Operate at the OSI Network Layer).
It uses data modulation techniques at teh physical layer (layer 1).
at both physical layer 1 and Data Link layer 2
A router must implement the Physical layer, the Link layer, and the Network layer
Routers operate at layer 3. LAN switches operate at layer 2. Ethernet hubs operate at layer 1.
TheHub work on layer 1 i.e. Physical layer of OSI Model
All network devices have some component that operates at layer 1. Only hubs and repeaters operate entirely at layer 1.
No. A digital subscriber line (DSL) operates at layer 2 or the Data-link layer.
Repeaters operate at the physical layer of the OSI model.
No. Only protocols that users can see on their screen are considered Presentation Layer based. Hubs and repeaters operate on the physical layer, because it doesn't do anything with the data, it simply forwards it.