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a system for growing food without using much land
Tough question. Technology can be defined as applied science, so the real question is, "when was the first scientific research and experimentation done?" For recorded history I don't know. But I am sure that early man was inadvertently doing science and technology just to improve his survival rate.
This question is very broad. Engineers have developed countless technology to ensure a spaceship's survival in space. Its realy too much to list, but basically the goal is to protect a spaceship from the harmful environment of space, weather its radiation, temperature, or debris.
When the aircraft you are travelling stops flying then if if you value your survival and want to return to the ground safely then using a parachute is a very good idea.
People have always had questions. Science is a way of giving reliable answers to these questions. It is a useful and accurate way of discovering new things.
Structures for growing food in or near cities
a system for growing food without using much land
a method for growing food with less available land
The survival and recovery of a population depends on a minimum population base referred to as its biotic community.
technology
technology
Dialysis
Without technology, humans would not have evolved into what we've become. To primitive man, fire was the technology that was most important. As humans developed and learned to use tools and farm, a larger population was able to be supported. As time moved on, technologies improved,and an even larger population could be sustained. Improving on technologies as humans have evolved is the key to survival of the species.
carrying capacity
poverty
The Anti-Malthusian theory is the idea that survival supplies will not run scarce and the population of the world will control itself naturally.
Genetic diversity would increase the survival of the rat population because they would be more capable as a species of surviving in different environments.