It depends on where you are application and local code. Copper tube, Pex, PVC, CPVC, & Polyethylene are all used.
Supply coming from water source is a water service line.
gate valve is the most suitable in pipe line, because when it is opened full, unobstructed water flow will be there i.e. there is no pressure lose.
Fire stand pipe or domestic water?
It is certainly possible, but it isn't going to meet building code requirements.
turn off main tap at building entry point
ABOVE the sewer line and on an angle away
Water pressure in real towers is created by the height of the tower above the surface of the earth, and the diameter of the pipe supplying the water to the output. The same should hold true for a model water tower.
Sure hot water heaters use them and they take the heat. However, this might not be up to building codes. Either check the building codes for your area, or be aware that you might have to replace it again in the future.
Not usually, but check with local plumbing authority about codes.
If you are referring to a regular building, the cold water feed pipe goes directly to all cold faucets, toilets and hot water tank. The purpose seems obvious.
That depends alot on your location and what codes your jurisdiction has adopted. From the 2006 International Plumbing Code, "water service pipe and the building sewer SHALL be separated by 5 feet of undisturbed or compacted earth." There are exceptions, 1. "the required separation distance shall not apply where the bottom of the water service pipe within 5 feet of the sewer is a minimum of 12 inches above the top of the highest point of the sewer and the pipe materials conform to Table 702.3. 2. water service pipe is permitted to be located in the same trench with a building sewer, provided such a sewer is constructed of materials listed in Table 702.3. 3. the required separation distance shall not apply where a water service pipe crosses a sewer pipe, provided the water service pipe is sleeved to at least 5 feet horizontally from the sewer pipe center-line on both sides of such crossing with pipe materials listed in Table 605.3, 702.2, or 702.3." So, no, there is no minimum separation IF the materials you are using bear the correct ASTM #. (Your building sewer pipe will probably have ASTM F 891 stamped on it.)
Generally the same materials are used for pipes in moderately cold contries, they are just buried deaper in the ground so that they are below the surface layer that freezes. In really extreme situations insulation can be used but this only works if the water flows all the time. Any pipe will freeze if the temperature around it is below freezing and the water sits there for long enough no matter how good the insulation, in these situations heater elements can be run along the pipes but this is expensive, both for installation and running energy costs.