Water, in the polar regions.
water
Gliese 581g has been discovered recently and scientists and astronomers think that there could be life on it - as it is in the 'Goldilocks zone' - a zone where there could well be water and land on planets in this area.
Norway.
Ethanol
prion
prion
water was recently discovered on planet mars
buckyballs, buckytubes or nanotubes are the recently discovered forms of carbon from 1950s.
plants
I don't know what you mean by "recently". It was discovered in the 1500's by the Spaniards.
That would be UB313, discovered in 2005,
water
about 403.
Ununoctium
One of the largest, most unexpected consequences of "going green" is the use of natural gas as a weapon. This is most recently seen in the crisis happening in the Ukraine.
The latest confirmed element discovered was Livermorium, 116Lv, in 2000. Ununseptium is not officially credited as "discovered" by the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party, but it is the most recently synthesized element, made in 2010.
Prion