Anyone. That is, anyone who can own property.
Each book has its own copyright information.
When you purchase a painting, you own the physical artwork but not necessarily the copyright. The artist typically retains the copyright unless they transfer it to you in writing.
Each program has its own copyright information.
Each song has its own copyright year.
Not legally, unless you own the copyright or have obtained a license from the copyright owner.
Each volume has its own copyright date.
Yes.
Each issue or edition has its own copyright information.
Once you have written a book, it is copyright to you. All writers copyright their own books.
The year of the encyclopedia is the year of the copyright; there are far too many editions to answer this question directly.
Once copyright term expires, the material enters the public domain.
The author of a creative design is the owner of the copyright automatically.