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The first half of the Hail Mary is taken directly from the Gospel of St. Luke.
Hail [Mary] full of grace, the Lord is with you." (Lk. 1:28)
"Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb." (Lk. 1:42)
For most of the Church's history, this was the entire prayer. In the Middle Ages, a Pope (I forget which one) added the Holy Name of Jesus at the end, giving us the first half of the prayer we know today. The second half of the modern prayer: "Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners now and at the hour of our death" was added in the 15th Century. Nobody knows where it originated, but it spread among the faithful and was never opposed among the hierarchy - eventually, it became expected, and then it gradually became official. So by the time of Martin Luther, the Hail Mary prayer as we know it today was complete.
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