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Robert O'Hara Burke, with William Wills appointed second-in-command, led the 1860-61 expedition to try to cross Australia from Melbourne in the south to the Gulf of Carpentaria in the north - and back again. This distance was a distance of around 3,250 kilometres (approximately 2,000 miles).

They were the first to succeed in travelling south to north, but they did not successfully return. They died along the way. The first man to make a successful crossing south to north, and back again, was John McDouall Stuart. Stuart made several attempts between 1860 and 1862, succeeding on his fifth attempt in 1862.

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