Ferdinand Tönnies, in 1887.
Both.
die Gemeinschaft or die Gesellschaft
Gemeinschaft is the relationship between two individuals that is based on familial ties or community ties. Gesellschaft, on the other hand is based on impersonal ties, such as duty to an organization.
Mechanical solidarity is to Gemeinschaft as organicsolidarity is to GesellschaftSee Henslin 2010, chap. 4, pp 106, Sociology: A down to earth approach
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are concepts introduced by sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies, often discussed in relation to Max Weber's work. Gemeinschaft, or "community," refers to social relations based on personal and emotional ties, often found in small, close-knit communities where individuals share a strong sense of belonging. In contrast, Gesellschaft, or "society," describes relationships that are more formal and impersonal, typical of larger, urban environments where interactions are driven by self-interest and contractual agreements. While Weber focused on the rationalization of society, Tönnies' concepts illustrate the spectrum of social relationships from intimate to impersonal.
Some sociologists draw a distinction between Gemeinschaft(community) and Gesellschaft (society). In a community people are tied together mainly by traditional bonds and roles, in a Gesellschaft mainly by contractual and similar relationships.
Heinrich Bedford-Strohm has written: 'Gemeinschaft aus kommunikativer Freiheit' -- subject(s): Christian sociology, Christianity, Communication, Communication and culture, Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (Sociology), Love, Religious aspects, Religious aspects of Communication, Religious aspects of Love, Social groups
Ditmar Brock has written: 'Leben in Gesellschaften' -- subject(s): Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (Sociology), Historical sociology, Social evolution, Social history, Social structure, Sociology
Heidnische Gemeinschaft was created in 1985.
gemeinschaft
Ferdinand Tönnies made significant contributions to sociology, particularly in the areas of social theory and community studies. He is best known for his distinction between Gemeinschaft (community) and Gesellschaft (society), which has had a lasting impact on sociological thought. Tönnies also explored topics such as social relationships, social cohesion, and the impact of industrialization on society.
Evangelische Mennoniten Gemeinschaft was created in 1858.