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King Charles the First reigned from 1625, fought and lost the Civil War to Oliver Cromwell, and was executed in London in January 1649.

His elder son Charles immediately titled himself Charles the Second, which was recognised in Scotland, but not in England, where Cromwell installed a republican military government, giving himself the title 'Protector of the Realm'.

On his death in September 1658, his elder son Richard Cromwell officially succeeded him in this job, but proved incompetent, and left the country.

The monarchy was restored with the arrival from exile of Charles the Second in May 1660.

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Q: Who sat on the throne before and during the English Civil War?
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