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The first 33 Popes reigned without the Emperor's consent, it wasn't until Constantine allowed Christianity in the early fourth century, that they had an emperor's support, before that, most of them were martyred:

  1. St. Peter (32-67)
  2. St. Linus (67-76)
  3. St. Anacletus (Cletus) (76-88)
  4. St. Clement I (88-97)
  5. St. Evaristus (97-105)
  6. St. Alexander I (105-115)
  7. St. Sixtus I (115-125) Also called Xystus I
  8. St. Telesphorus (125-136)
  9. St. Hyginus (136-140)
  10. St. Pius I (140-155)
  11. St. Anicetus (155-166)
  12. St. Soter (166-175)
  13. St. Eleutherius (175-189)
  14. St. Victor I (189-199)
  15. St. Zephyrinus (199-217)
  16. St. Callistus I (217-22)Callistus and the following three popes were opposed by St. Hippolytus, antipope (217-236)
  17. St. Urban I (222-30)
  18. St. Pontain (230-35)
  19. St. Anterus (235-36)
  20. St. Fabian (236-50)
  21. St. Cornelius (251-53)Opposed by Novatian, antipope (251)
  22. St. Lucius I (253-54)
  23. St. Stephen I (254-257)
  24. St. Sixtus II (257-258)
  25. St. Dionysius (260-268)
  26. St. Felix I (269-274)
  27. St. Eutychian (275-283)
  28. St. Caius (283-296) Also called Gaius
  29. St. Marcellinus (296-304)
  30. St. Marcellus I (308-309)
  31. St. Eusebius (309 or 310)
  32. St. Miltiades (311-14)
  33. St. Sylvester I (314-35)
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Some sources suggest that Pope Marcellinus (d. 304) was the first Bishop of Rome to carry the title, while other sources suggest that this did not happen until the 6th century, with Pope John I (523-526) the first to assume this title.

If either of these was the first 'Pope' of Rome, then no earlier bishop of Rome could have reigned as pope without the emperor's consent. Scholars tell us that the role of bishop did not exist until the second century. Because Rome had a relatively large Christian population compared to most other centres, some believe it possible that Clement could have been the first bishop, but there is no evidence for this.

It is thought unlikely that St Peter ever went to Rome in any capacity, and certainly not as pope. Christian history before the time of Emperor Constantine is so sketchy and often fanciful that we can not be sure of events. The western empire ceased to exist in 476, so we can be sure that bishops were free of imperial influence after that time. It then comes down to which bishop fist assumed the title of 'pope'.

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Q: Who was the first Pope to reign without the Roman Emperor's consent?
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