Mostly not enough oxygen in the air at the low pressure up there.
There is not enough oxygen in the air at altitudes above about 17,000 feet. In addition, as you ascend, the temperature decreases. The temperature in which jet airliners fly often is minus 40 degrees or lower.
Airplane cabins are pressurized because humans cannot breath at a very high elevation.Aircraft are pressurized to allow them to fly higher. Without pressurization, the amount of oxygen in the air would not be sufficient for humans to breathe.
high altitude chambers
Helicopters don't generally fly high enough for cabin pressurization to be necessary.
Airplanes travel faster at higher altitude. But pilots don't travel better at high altitude. Above 10,500 feet, people start to be affected by oxygen deprivation: tunnel vision, slower reflexes, slower reaction times, impaired judgement, etc. Aircraft are pressurized so people don't fall asleep and/or die at high altitude. At regular commercial airline altitudes between 10,000 and 40,000', all aircraft have to have pressurized cabins. Pilots wear oxygen masks (with the gas turned off) at those altitude in case there is a pressurization failure or a rapid cabin decompression. If one should eventuate, they already have on the mask, and all they have to do is turn on the oxygen.
I believe the FAI world altitude record for a helicopter is 40820', and helicopters can now land on the top of Mount Everest, just over 29,000'. But practically speaking, helicopters rarely go over 10,000 feet as that's the altitude above which pressurized cabins and supplemental oxygen are required.
To allow passengers to breathe sufficient oxygen, needed to survive, even in high altitudes.
Pilot because it is thin at high altitude in non pressurized cabin.
They could not remain conscious unless they either pressurized the cabin of the plane or wore a face mask that supplies them with pressurized air.
Outside the plane is way less pressure and less air to breath. If inside the plane was the same pressure as the outside, people might die depending on how high the plane is. ***************************************************************************** FAA law mandates an un-pressurized aircraft the pilot and co-pilot must wear oxygen masks at or above 12,000 feet ASL altitude. Hypoxia sets in with no warning and no symptoms.
At 35,000 feet, a human would suffer severe oxygen starvation without a pressurized cabin. Also known as "death". A pressurized cabin in a commercial - or military - airliner is essential at high altitude.
Most airplanes fly at high altitude because it is faster and safer as long as the cabin is pressurized. There is less clouds and turbulence. The airplane uses less fuel.