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In the book of Genesis, Abraham was promised that he would be a great nation (Genesis 12:2). In the geneology of the nation of Israel, Abraham was the father of the nation by way of Isaac (Genesis ch.21) and then Isaac's son Jacob (Genesis ch.25).

Jacob was a twin; and while Esau was born first, Esau sold his birthright (the rights of the firstborn) for a bowl of stew, thus enabling him to seek Isaac's special blessing (Genesis ch.27). Jacob, after many adventures, was returning to his homeland when he wrestled with an angel (Genesis ch.32). After the Wrestling match, the angel said that Jacob's name would be changed to Israel, contender with angelic beings (Genesis 32:28).

Therefore, the descendents of Jacob, his twelve sons who migrated to Egypt were called the sons of Israel. So Abraham's great-great grandchildren were called the children of Israel (Jacob). The term came to mean all of his descendants. Thus the nation of Israel is the nation of Jacob (as in Numbers ch.23). In Exodus, we find that the 70 people who migrated to Egypt had grown to a nation of over 2 million.

It is worth noting that the descendants of Abraham who are not also descended of Isaac and Jacob are not called "the Children of Israel". Abraham had several children, Ishmael (by Hagar), Zimran (by Keturah), Jokshan (by Keturah), Medan (by Keturah), etc. The descendants of these individuals are not considered the Children of Israel. There are Ishmaelites, Zimranites, Jokshanites, etc. Isaac has two children: Jacob and Esau. The children of Esau were known as Edomites since "Edom" was a nickname for Esau. Similarly, the Edomites are not the Children of Israel.

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Q: Why are Abraham's descendants called the children of Israel?
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