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Originally it was to get rid of steam locomotives.
Not just because of the noise and the dirt they produced, but because the steam actually blinded (obscured) the view of the drivers, especially in tunnels.
New York City was the first place to forbid steam.

Today there are two reasons:

Electric trains have better acceleration than diesel, which makes them better suited for lines with many stations close together, which is the case in urban and suburban railways.

Diesel trains cannot operate in long tunnels. Diesel engines consume oxygen and put out poisonous fumes, which would make the air unbreathable for passengers in following trains. Underground railways must be electric.
The same reason requires long road tunnels to have expensive air shafts and fans at frequent intervals.

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Q: Why are electric engines used on railroads that travel into major cities?
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