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Because many of them have historically depended on one or two exports for international commerce. For example, 90% of Chile's exports are made of copper or copper-refined products; Venezuela's exports are overwhelmingly comprised of oil and its refined products; most Central American countries (Panama, Honduras, Guatemala) exported until very recently only fruits and vegetables -- hence the name "banana republic".

This of course, means these countries are subject to the volatility of commodity markets thus they need to switch to manufacturing goods or financial services.

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Q: Why are many latin American countries trying to diversify their economies?
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