Why are the crusades started again in 1290 ad?

Answer 1

There was a general lack of European interest in recapturing the Holy Land, especially at the the cost (taxes, deaths, etc.), and Muslim forces quickly regained control of Sidon, Tyre, and Acre in 1291. The crusades that followed were almost entirely economically motivated, though often claiming religious reasons.

There were a series of smaller, lesser known crusades that included:

Europeans turning their crusading against northern areas, under the Teutonic Knights: by 1290 they took over the Curonians, Estonians, Latagalians, Livonians, Semigallians.

In 1365 there was a small crusade, the Alexandrian Crusade (led by Cypriots), against Alexandria which was the primary port at the time. Peter of Cyprus wanted that primacy for his own country. Although Peter looted the city, he did not conquer Alexandria and quickly left.

The Norwich Crusade of 1383 was led by an Englishman, Despenser, to help Ghent who had asked for English assistance. This was following the Western Schism and the Hundred Years' War. Ghent had been under French control and there were supporters of the Antipope Clement VII in Avignon, France. The English were involved because they supported Pope Urban VI of Rome. The English failed.

The Barbary Crusade of 1390 saw the Franco-Genoese forces basically bored. They decided to fight Muslim pirates based on the Barbary Coast. As this was in the midst of the Western Schism, priests from both papal courts blessed the crusaders (weird, to say the least). The Berbers approached for truce; they were confused as to the French presence, as they had only had issues with the Genoese, and were told it was for religious reasons- the Muslims had crucified and killed Jesus. Needless to say, the Berbers pointed out that had been done by Jews, and fighting commenced. Eventually both sides realized they were unable to win, and a treaty was agreed upon: 10 year armistice, Mahdia would pay Genoa taxes for 15 years and to the French for their cost of the crusade, in return the crusaders returned home.

The last largish crusade was the Crusade of Nicopolis, 1396, and was mainly a result of the Hundred Years' War, which, during on of its intermittent truces, King Richard II (England) married the daughter of King Charles VI (France), Isabella. They appealed to King Sigismund of Hungary (later HRE), who arrived in Paris begging assistance against the tens of thousands of Turks who were a danger to Christianity and its lands. The crusaders first took Vidin, then Oryahovo which surrendered to King Sigismund to save their lives and lands. The French broke the agreement, which obviously angered the Hungarians. The crusaders were unable to take Nicopolis, were in fact essentially slaughtered, or held hostage, a fact Hungarians blamed on the French.