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They have the ability to form at least one ion with a partially filled 3D orbital, this leads them to be able to switch between states of oxidation and act as catalysts for reaction . In solid form acting as a heterogeneous catalyst they have the ability to donate or accept electron pairs, weakening bonds in reactants lowering activation energy.

e.g. electron configuration of Ni 2+

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8

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Q: Why are the transition metals so different in chemical character from the s block elements?
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