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Nuclear reactors are built. Therefore the source is the country that commissioned and built them.
Most nuclear reactors are thermal-neutron reactors. A few fast breeder reactors have been built, but not many.
So that there is a constant supply of water to cool the reactors with.
Yes, thorium was used as a fertile material in nuclear reactors.
None, the first was built in 1942
It really depends on the nuclear reactor, but many are built to work specifically with that isotope.
The RBMK reactors at Chernobyl were probably the most unsafe reactors ever designed and built. They should never have been built.
No new nuclear plants have been built in the US in the past 20 years. The Watts Bar plant was licenced in 1996, but had been built much earlier. The last plant actually built was the River Bend plant in Louisiana, which was licenced in 1986.
Yes, using new design inherently safe reactors. These can be built.
Most nuclear reactors, in general, are designed and built to produce usable energy. The energy helps supply public demand for electricity, or provide propulsion for a combat vessel at sea, especially submarines. Some nuclear reactors are built for research only, to learn more about nuclear power and about better ways to utilize it. Nuclear reactors do not emit atmospheric contaminants like other energy-making processes do. They are not like combustion engines, and require no oxygen to burn for their function. Breeder reactors are a different story indeed. They do produce usable energy, but in too many cases their design purpose is to "breed" more fissionable material during the reaction process.
Most nuclear reactors are built to produce electric power. A single nuclear reactor can generate enough energy to power 1,200,000 homes around the clock. The vast minority of reactors around the world are operated by power or energy companies that are licensed by the government, or by the government itself. Some smaller reactors are constructed for research, and for the production of nuclear materials used in industry and medicine. Plutonium can also be produced in reactors, and its application as a nuclear fuel or a material for a nuclear weapon is widely known.
The very first nuclear reactor was Chicago Pile 1. It was built for research and scientific use. The first nuclear reactor outside of a university was built (at Hanford, Washington) primarily to yield plutonium for the atomic bomb destined for Nagasaki, Japan. Nuclear reactors were built primarily for electrical generation beginning in about 1951.