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Well it depends on what you call "polluted" water. Humans for example can't even really use "dirty" water. Then there are animals that survive only in what we would call "dirty" water.

If by "polluted" you mean radioactive substances, then it's because radioactive waves destroy and mutate proteins, which DNA and RNA are made of, hence most living organisms can't stand much of it.

If by "polluted" you mean dumping plastic, glass or other substances into the water, then really it's "only" a problem to larger organisms, like mammals, birds, fish or reptiles. Plastic itself wouldn't hurt many creatures, although eating it can lead to death and so can getting stuck in it.

If by "polluted" you mean oil, well then it's because it stops birds from being able to fly, making their wings sticky and heavier than they are allowed to be, thus starving, choking and drowning them to death. Likewise, any larger creature can't survive in oil, nor strong acids which is why so many organisms die due to them.

However, something that should be mentioned is, that no matter how "polluted" water is, it's never dangerous to all living organisms. There are always some that can use it or actually need it. The problem is however, that most larger organisms, that we humans are visually aware of can not cope with water that has chemical substances, too much mud/dirt or radioactivity in them.

You would have to define "polluted" and "living organisms" for a better answer.

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Q: Why can only some organisms live in polluted water?
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