The shape of the pinhole in a pinhole camera does not matter when the object is as far away as the sun (or even the moon). I once watched a solar eclipse by watching the continuously moving shadows on the ground of the leaves of trees. The gaps between the leaf shadows showed hundreds of bright images of the eclipse.
virtual image
yes it is seen inverted
yes.
It depends on whether the night vision goggles are image intensifiers or the type that are sensitive to infra red. Only the infra red type can see warm objects through fog. Image intensifiers will not be able to see through fog at all.
The microscope.
Alhazen (Ibn Al-Haytham) He lived around 1000AD. Sometime during his life he invented the first pinhole camera, and he was able to explain why the images were upside down (I wouldn't have been able to!). The first reference to the optic laws that made pinhole cameras possible, was observed and noted by Aristotle (So many weird names!!) around 330 BC, who questioned why the sun could make a circular image when it shined through a square hole.(Good Question!!!)
image is shared
for finding convolution of periodic signals we use circular convolution
Good question! The image transmitted by the lens is actually circular, but it passes through a rectangular opening just before the film plane. This creates a rectangular image on the film because part of what the lens is transmitting is blocked. You are never reminded of this since the entire "previewing" system is constructed to show you what you will get, not what the lens actually "sees".
A Virtual Image
Some might do - depends on what camera or settings they have. There are some that can. While the lens produces a circular image, it was easier to fit square or rectangular images onto a strip of film. A 35mm lens used on a large format (5x4 inch or 8x10 inch) sheet film will indeed produce a circular image in the middle of the plate. It's a criminal waste of film, though.
Back to square one.
One. A square is a two dimensional image.
real image
real image
The mean square error is used as part of the digital image processing method to check for errors. Two MSEs are calculated and then compared to determine the accuracy of an image.
A Virtual Image