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Ceramics are generally hard and brittle because of the type of bonds that hold the atoms together in the material. Ceramics are made up of covalent, ionic, or both types of bonds.
Covalent bonds are directional, which means that they form bonds only in specific directions and in a sense are more ordered/selective. So when a force is applied, the bonds will try very hard to resist deformation. As a result of this, the material is usually tough (toughness being defined as the ability of a material to absorb energy without rupture), but brittle when that threshold is passed.
Although ionic bonds are nondirectional in nature (meaning they can form bonds in multiple directions) , we need to realize that we are dealing with charged particles that become unstable when they are placed under a force. You could almost think of it as bringing like charges closer together when a strong enough force is applied to the material, so that they repel each other.
Hope that helps some, I think someone might want to expand on directional/nondirectional nature of bonds...
(Another Solution)
Ceramics tend to be strong but brittle because of the ionic bonding present between the metal and non-metal components of the material. Ionic bonds are very strong and require a relatively large amount of energy to break. However, once enough energy is applied to break the bonds, they break completely, making the material brittle. Covalently bonded materials like polymers are far less brittle because the covalent bonds can stretch during plastic deformation.
Wiki User
∙ 14y ago
Wiki User
∙ 12y agoAnswer by:Engr.Muhammad Abubakar Qureshi
Engr.Mubashir
Engr.Zeeshan Khalid
Department of Metallrgical and Materials Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Lahore
They are brittle because of covalent bonds present in them.As we know that bonded atoms have some distance between them called bond distance,1 atom wants to go to opposite side of the other atom,so compressive stress dont allow to minimize bond distance,and if we apply tensile stress the layers of atoms slides on one another the come in front of same charges and repelled thats why they are broken quickly and show brittleness.
pores in brittle ceramics are regions where stresses concentrates when stresses reach a critical value a crack forms and propagates,since there is no longer absoroption of energy as a result crack propagates.
Wiki User
∙ 14y agoceramics was made from talck, its atoms are uncompressed
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