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Why did Edward Adelbert Doisy win The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1943?
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∙ 9y ago
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943 was divided equally between Henrik Carl Peter Dam for his discovery of vitamin K and Edward Adelbert Doisy for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K.
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∙ 9y ago
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What Nobel Prize did Edward Adelbert Doisy win and when was it awarded?
Edward Adelbert Doisy won The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1943.
What is Edward Adelbert Doisy's birthday?
Edward Adelbert Doisy was born on November 3, 1893.
When was Edward Adelbert Doisy born?
Edward Adelbert Doisy was born on November 3, 1893.
When did Edward Adelbert Doisy die?
Edward Adelbert Doisy died on October 23, 1986 at the age of 92.
How old was Edward Adelbert Doisy at death?
Edward Adelbert Doisy died on October 23, 1986 at the age of 92.
How old is Edward Adelbert Doisy?
Edward Adelbert Doisy was born on November 3, 1893 and died on October 23, 1986. Edward Adelbert Doisy would have been 92 years old at the time of death or 121 years old today.
Why did Henrik Carl Peter Dam win The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1943?
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943 was divided equally between Henrik Carl Peter Dam for his discovery of vitamin K and Edward Adelbert Doisy for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K.
Who won The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905?
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 was awarded jointly to Robert Koch and Alphonse Laveran. Robert Koch received the prize for his work on tuberculosis, while Alphonse Laveran was recognized for his discovery of the malaria parasite.
What is the name of all the people who won the Noble prize?
There have been hundreds of Nobel Prize winners across different categories like Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences since the awards started in 1901. It is suggested to refer to the official Nobel Prize website for an up-to-date and comprehensive list of all the laureates.
What is the work of vitamin A?
When it comes to choosing the best vitamin brand, packages can be deceiving. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) doesn't regulate vitamins and supplements, so you'll have to do your own research. According to the FDA, many of the vitamin products on the market don't actually contain the ingredients and nutrients they claim. Rather than trusting the claims made by manufacturers, let's take a look at results from some independent studies. A vitaminis an organic compound required as a vital nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism.[1]In other words, an organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet. Thus, the term is conditional both on the circumstances and on the particular organism. For example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a vitamin for humans, but not for most other animals, and biotin and vitamin D are required in the human diet only in certain circumstances. By convention, the term vitamindoes not include other essential nutrients such as dietary minerals,essential fatty acids, or essential amino acids (which are needed in larger amounts than vitamins), nor does it encompass the large number of other nutrients that promote health but are otherwise required less often.[2] Thirteen vitamins are universally recognized at present.Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, not their structure. Thus, each "vitamin" refers to a number of vitamer compounds that all show the biological activity associated with a particular vitamin. Such a set of chemicals is grouped under an alphabetized vitamin "generic descriptor" title, such as "vitamin A", which includes the compounds retinal, retinol, and four known carotenoids. Vitamers by definition are convertible to the active form of the vitamin in the body, and are sometimes inter-convertible to one another, as well.Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Some have hormone-like functions as regulators of mineral metabolism (e.g., vitamin D), or regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation (e.g., some forms of vitamin A). Others function as antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E and sometimesvitamin C).[3] The largest number of vitamins (e.g., B complex vitamins) function as precursors for enzyme cofactors, that help enzymes in their work as catalysts in metabolism. In this role, vitamins may be tightly bound to enzymes as part of prosthetic groups: For example, biotin is part of enzymes involved in making fatty acids. Vitamins may also be less tightly bound to enzyme catalysts as coenzymes, detachable molecules that function to carry chemical groups or electrons between molecules. For example, folic acid carries various forms of carbon group - methyl, formyl, and methylene - in the cell. Although these roles in assisting enzyme-substrate reactions are vitamins' best-known function, the other vitamin functions are equally important.[4]Until the mid-1930s, when the first commercial yeast-extract and semi-synthetic vitamin C supplement tablets were sold, vitamins were obtained solely through food intake, and changes in diet (which, for example, could occur during a particular growing season) can alter the types and amounts of vitamins ingested. Vitamins have been produced as commodity chemicals and made widely available as inexpensive semisynthetic and synthetic-source multivitamin dietary supplements, since the middle of the 20th century.The term vitamin was derived from "vitamine," a combination word made up by Polish scientist Casimir Funk from vital and amine, meaningamine of life, because it was suggested in 1912 that the organic micronutrient food factors that prevent beriberi and perhaps other similar dietary-deficiency diseases might be chemical amines. ThThe value of eating a certain food to maintain health was recognized long before vitamins were identified. The ancient Egyptians knew that feedingliver to a person would help cure night blindness, an illness now known to be caused by a vitamin Adeficiency.[5] The advancement of ocean voyages during the Renaissance resulted in prolonged periods without access to fresh fruits and vegetables, and made illnesses from vitamin deficiency common among ships' crews.[6]In 1747, the Scottish surgeon James Linddiscovered that citrus foods helped prevent scurvy, a particularly deadly disease in which collagen is not properly formed, causing poor wound healing, bleeding of the gums, severe pain, and death.[5] In 1753, Lind published his Treatise on the Scurvy, which recommended using lemons and limes to avoid scurvy, which was adopted by the BritishRoyal Navy. This led to the nickname Limey for sailors of that organization. Lind's discovery, however, was not widely accepted by individuals in the Royal Navy's Arctic expeditions in the 19th century, where it was widely believed that scurvy could be prevented by practicing goodhygiene, regular exercise, and maintaining the morale of the crew while on board, rather than by a diet of fresh food.[5] As a result, Arctic expeditions continued to be plagued by scurvy and other deficiency diseases. In the early 20th century, when Robert Falcon Scott made his two expeditions to the Antarctic, the prevailing medical theory was that scurvy was caused by "tainted" canned food.[5]During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the use of deprivation studies allowed scientists to isolate and identify a number of vitamins. Lipid from fish oil was used to cure rickets in rats, and the fat-soluble nutrient was called "antirachitic A". Thus, the first "vitamin" bioactivity ever isolated, which cured rickets, was initially called "vitamin A"; however, the bioactivity of this compound is now called vitamin D.[7] In 1881, Russian surgeon Nikolai Lunin studied the effects of scurvy while at the University of Tartu in present-day Estonia.[8] He fed mice an artificial mixture of all the separate constituents of milk known at that time, namely the proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and salts. The mice that received only the individual constituents died, while the mice fed by milk itself developed normally. He made a conclusion that "a natural food such as milk must therefore contain, besides these known principal ingredients, small quantities of unknown substances essential to life."[8]However, his conclusions were rejected by other researchers when they were unable to reproduce his results. One difference was that he had used table sugar (sucrose), while other researchers had used milk sugar (lactose) that still contained small amounts of vitamin B.[citation needed]The Ancient Egyptians knew that feeding a person liver (back, right) would help cure night blindness.In east Asia, where polished white rice was the common staple food of the middle class, beriberi resulting from lack of vitamin B1 was endemic. In 1884, Takaki Kanehiro, a British trained medical doctor of the Imperial Japanese Navy, observed that beriberi was endemic among low-ranking crew who often ate nothing but rice, but not among officers who consumed a Western-style diet. With the support of the Japanese navy, he experimented using crews of two battleships; one crew was fed only white rice, while the other was fed a diet of meat, fish, barley, rice, and beans. The group that ate only white rice documented 161 crew members with beriberi and 25 deaths, while the latter group had only 14 cases of beriberi and no deaths. This convinced Takaki and the Japanese Navy that diet was the cause of beriberi, but mistakenly believed that sufficient amounts of protein prevented it.[9] That diseases could result from some dietary deficiencies was further investigated by Christiaan Eijkman, who in 1897 discovered that feeding unpolished rice instead of the polished variety to chickens helped to prevent beriberi in the chickens. The following year,Frederick Hopkins postulated that some foods contained "accessory factors" - in addition to proteins, carbohydrates, fats etc. - that are necessary for the functions of the human body.[5] Hopkins and Eijkman were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1929 for their discovery of several vitamins.[10]In 1910, the first vitamin complex was isolated by Japanese scientist Umetaro Suzuki, who succeeded in extracting a water-soluble complex of micronutrients from rice bran and named it aberic acid (later Orizanin). He published this discovery in a Japanese scientific journal.[11]When the article was translated into German, the translation failed to state that it was a newly discovered nutrient, a claim made in the original Japanese article, and hence his discovery failed to gain publicity. In 1912 Polish biochemist Casimir Funk isolated the same complex of micronutrients and proposed the complex be named "vitamine" (a portmanteau of "vital amine" reportedly suggested by Max Nierenstein a friend and reader of Biochemistry at Brisol University[12]).[13] The name soon became synonymous with Hopkins' "accessory factors", and, by the time it was shown that not all vitamins are amines, the word was already ubiquitous. In 1920, Jack Cecil Drummond proposed that the final "e" be dropped to deemphasize the "amine" reference, after researchers began to suspect that not all "vitamines" (in particular, vitamin A) have an amine component.[9]In 1931, Albert Szent-Györgyi and a fellow researcher Joseph Svirbely suspected that "hexuronic acid" was actually vitamin C, and gave a sample to Charles Glen King, who proved its anti-scorbutic activity in his long-established guinea pig scorbutic assay. In 1937, Szent-Györgyi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. In 1943, Edward Adelbert Doisy and Henrik Dam were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of vitamin K and its chemical structure. In 1967, George Wald was awarded the Nobel Prize (along with Ragnar Granit and Haldan Keffer Hartline) for his discovery that vitamin A could participate directly in a physiological process.[10]In humansVitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). Water-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water and, in general, are readily excreted from the body, to the degree that urinary output is a strong predictor of vitamin consumption.[14] Because they are not readily stored, consistent daily intake is important.[15] Many types of water-soluble vitamins are synthesized by bacteria.[16] Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids (fats). Because they are more likely to accumulate in the body, they are more likely to lead to hypervitaminosisthan are water-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamin regulation is of particular significance in cystic fibrosis.[17] Each vitamin is typically used in multiple reactions, and, therefore, most have multiple functions.[18]is proved incorrect for the micronutrient class, and the word was shortened to vitamin.
What is the name of the scientist who gained the Nobel prize for their work?
Lots of scientists got a Nobel prize for their work. After all, a Nobel prize is given out EVERY YEAR, in physics, as well as in chemistry - as well as "physiology or medicine", and economics.Check the Wikipedia article on "List of Nobel laureates" for the complete list.
Who won the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1957?
{| |+ Nobel Prizes ! Year |- ! Peace ! Chemistry ! Physics ! Physiology or Medicine ! Literature | 1901 J. H. Dunant Frédéric Passy J. H. van't Hoff W. C. Roentgen E. A. von Behring R. F. A. Sully-Prudhomme 1902 Élie Ducommun C. A. Gobat Emil Fischer H. A. Lorentz Pieter Zeeman Sir Ronald Ross Theodor Mommsen 1903 Sir William R. Cremer S. A. Arrhenius A. H. Becquerel Pierre Curie Marie S. Curie N. R. Finsen Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1904 Institute of International Law Sir William Ramsay J. W. S. Rayleigh Ivan P. Pavlov Frédéric Mistral José Echegaray 1905 Baroness Bertha von Suttner Adolf von Baeyer Philipp Lenard Robert Koch Henryk Sienkiewicz 1906 Theodore Roosevelt Henri Moissan Sir Joseph Thomson Camillo Golgi S. Ramón y Cajal Giosuè Carducci 1907 E. T. Moneta Louis Renault Eduard Buchner A. A. Michelson C. I. A. Laveran Rudyard Kipling 1908 K. P. Arnoldson Fredrik Bajer Sir Ernest Rutherford Gabriel Lippman Paul Ehrlich Élie Metchnikoff R. C. Eucken 1909 Auguste Beernaert P. H. B. Estournelles de Constant Wilhelm Ostwald Guglielmo Marconi K. F. Braun Emil T. Kocher Selma Lagerlöf 1910 International Peace Bureau Otto Wallach J. D. van der Waals Albrecht Kossel Paul Heyse 1911 T. M. C. Asser A. H. Fried Marie S. Curie Wilhelm Wien Allvar Gullstrand Maurice Maeterlinck 1912 Elihu Root Victor Grignard Paul Sabatier N. G. Dalen Alexis Carrel Gerhart Hauptmann 1913 Henri La Fontaine Alfred Werner Heike Kamerlingh Onnes C. R. Richet Sir Rabindranath Tagore 1914 T. W. Richards Max von Laue Robert Barany 1915 Richard Willstätter Sir William H. Bragg Sir William L. Bragg Romain Rolland 1916 Verner von Heidenstam 1917 International Red Cross C. G. Barkla K. A. Gjellerup Henrik Pontoppidan 1918 Fritz Haber Max Planck 1919 Woodrow Wilson Johannes Stark Jules Bordet C. F. G. Spitteler 1920 Léon Bourgeois Walther Nernst C. E. Guillaume S. A. S. Krogh Knut Hamsum 1921 Hjalmar Branting C. L. Lange Frederick Soddy Albert Einstein Anatole France 1922 Fridtjof Nansen F. W. Aston N. H. D. Bohr A. V. Hill Otto Meyerhof Jacinto Benavente y Martinez 1923 Fritz Pregl Robert A. Millikan Sir Frederick G. Banting J. J. R. Macleod W. B. Yeats 1924 K. M. G. Siegbahn Willem Einthoven W. S. Reymont 1925 Sir Austen Chamberlain Charles G. Dawes Richard Zsigmondy James Franck Gustav Hertz G. B. Shaw 1926 Aristide Briand Gustav Stresemann Theodor Svedberg J. B. Perrin Johannes Fibiger Grazia Deledda 1927 F. É. Buisson Ludwig Quidde Heinrich Wieland A. H. Compton C. T. R. Wilson Julius Wagner-Jauregg Henri Bergson 1928 Adolf Windaus Sir Owen W. Richardson C. J. H. Nicolle Sigrid Undset 1929 Frank B. Kellogg Sir Arthur Harden Hans von Euler-Chelpin L. V. de Broglie Christian Eijkman Sir Frederick G. Hopkins Thomas Mann 1930 Nathan Söderblom Hans Fischer Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman Karl Landsteiner Sinclair Lewis 1931 Jane Addams Nicholas Murray Butler Carl Bosch Friedrich Bergius Otto H. Warburg E. A. Karlfeldt 1932 Irving Langmuir Werner Heisenberg E. D. Adrian Sir Charles Sherrington John Galsworthy 1933 Sir Norman Angell P. A. M. Dirac Erwin Schrödinger Thomas H. Morgan I. A. Bunin 1934 Arthur Henderson Harold C. Urey G. H. Whipple G. R. Minot W. P. Murphy Luigi Pirandello 1935 Carl von Ossietzky Frédéric Joliot-Curie Irène Joliot-Curie Sir James Chadwick Hans Spemann 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas P. J. W. Debye C. D. Anderson V. F. Hess Sir Henry H. Dale Otto Loewi Eugene O'Neill 1937 E. A. R. Cecil, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood Sir Walter N. Haworth Paul Karrer C. J. Davisson Sir George P. Thomson Albert von Szent-Gyorgyi Roger Martin du Gard 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees Richard Kuhn Enrico Fermi Corneille Heymans Pearl S. Buck 1939 Adolf Butenandt Leopold Ruzicka E. O. Lawrence Gerhard Domagk F. E. Sillanpää 1940 1941 1942 1943 Georg von Hevesy Otto Stern E. A. Doisy Henrik Dam 1944 International Red Cross Otto Hahn I. I. Rabi Joseph Erlanger H. S. Gasser J. V. Jensen 1945 Cordell Hull A. I. Virtanen Wolfgang Pauli Sir Alexander Fleming E. B. Chain Sir Howard W. Florey Gabriela Mistral 1946 J. R. Mott Emily G. Balch J. B. Sumner J. H. Northrop W. M. Stanley P. W. Bridgman H. J. Muller Hermann Hesse 1947 American Friends Service Committee and Friends Service Council Sir Robert Robinson Sir Edward V. Appleton C. F. Cori Gerty T. Cori B. A. Houssay André Gide 1948 Arne Tiselius P. M. S. Blackett Paul H. Müller T. S. Eliot 1949 John Boyd Orr, Baron Boyd Orr W. F. Giauque Hideki Yukawa W. R. Hess Egas Moniz William Faulkner 1950 Ralph J. Bunche Otto Diels Kurt Alder C. F. Powell Philip S. Hench Edward C. Kendall Tadeus Reichstein Bertrand Russel, Earl Russell 1951 Léon Jouhaux Edwin M. McMillan Glenn T. Seaborg Sir John D. Cockcroft Ernest T. S. Walton Max Theiler Pär F. Lagerkvist 1952 Albert Schweitzer A. J. P. Martin R. L. M. Synge Felix Bloch E. M. Purcell S. A. Waksman François Mauriac 1953 George C. Marshall Hermann Staudinger Frits Zernike F. A. Lipmann Sir Hans A. Krebs Sir Winston L. S. Churchill 1954 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Linus C. Pauling Max Born Walther Bothe J. F. Enders F. C. Robbins T. H. Weller Ernest Hemingway 1955 Vincent du Vigneaud Willis E. Lamb, Jr. Polykarp Kusch A. H. T. Theorell Halldór K. Laxness 1956 Sir Cyril N. Hinshelwood Nikolai N. Semenov W. B. Shockley W. H. Brattain John Bardeen D. W. Richards, Jr. A. F. Cournand Werner Forssmann Juan Ramón Jiménez 1957 Lester B. Pearson Sir Alexander R. Todd Tsung-Dao Lee Chen Ning Yang Daniele Bovet Albert Camus 1958 Georges Henri Pire Frederick Sanger P. A. Cherenkov Igor Y. Tamm Ilya M. Frank Joshua Lederberg G. W. Beadle E. I. Tatum Boris L. Pasternak 1959 Philip J. Noel-Baker Jaroslav Heyrovsky Emilio Segrè Owen Chamberlain Severo Ochoa Arthur Kornberg Salvatore Quasimodo 1960 Albert J. Luthuli W. F. Libby D. A. Glaser Sir Macfarlane Burnet P. B. Medawar St.-John Perse 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld Melvin Calvin Robert Hofstadter R. L. Moessbauer Georg von Bekesy Ivo Andrić 1962 Linus C. Pauling M. F. Perutz J. C. Kendrew L. D. Landau J. D. Watson F. H. C. Crick M. H. F. Wilkins John Steinbeck 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross League of Red Cross Societies Giulio Natta Karl Ziegler Eugene Paul Wigner Maria Goeppert Mayer J. Hans D. Jensen Sir John Carew Eccles Alan Lloyd Hodgkin Andrew Fielding Huxley George Seferis 1964 Martin Luther King, Jr. Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin Charles Hard Townes Nikolai Gennadiyevich Basov Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov Konrad E. Bloch Feodor Lynen Jean-Paul Sartre 1965 United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund Robert Burns Woodward Richard Phillips Feynman Shinichiro Tomonaga Julian Seymour Schwinger François Jacob André Lwoff Jacques Monod M. A. Sholokhov 1966 Robert S. Mulliken Alfred Kastler Francis Peyton Rous Charles Brenton Huggins S. Y. Agnon Nelly Sachs 1967 Manfred Eigen Ronald George Wreyford Norrish George Porter Hans Albrecht Bethe Ragnar Granit Haldan Keffer Hartline George Wald Miguel Angel Asturias 1968 René Cassin Lars Onsager Luis W. Alvarez Robert W. Holley H. Gobind Khorana Marshall W. Nirenberg Yasunari Kawabata 1969 International Labor Organization Derek H. R. Barton Odd Hassel Murray Gell-Mann Max Delbrück Alfred D. Hershey Salvador B. Luria Samuel Beckett 1970 Norman E. Borlaug Luis Federico Leloir Louis Eugène Néel Hans Olof Alfven Julius Axelrod Bernard Katz Ulf von Euler Alexandr I. Solzhenitsyn 1971 Willy Brandt Gerhard Herzberg Dennis Gabor Earl W. Sutherland Pablo Neruda 1972 Stanford Moore William Howard Stein Christian B. Anfinsen John Bardeen Leon N. Cooper John Robert Schrieffer Gerald M. Edelman Rodney R. Porter Heinrich Böll 1973 Henry A. Kissinger Le Duc Tho Ernst Otto Fischer Geoffrey Wilkinson Leo Esaki Ivar Giaever Brian D. Josephson Konrad Lorenz Nikolaas Tinbergen Karl von Frisch Patrick White 1974 Sean MacBride Eisaku Sato Paul J. Flory Martin Ryle Antony Hewish Albert Claude George Emil Palade Christian de Duve Eyvind Johnson Harry Martinson 1975 Andrei D. Sakharov John Warcup Cornforth Vladimir Prelog Aage N. Bohr Ben Roy Mottelson James Rainwater David Baltimore Renato Dulbecco Howard M. Temin Eugenio Montale 1976 Mairead Corrigan Betty Williams WIlliam Nunn Lipscomb Burton Richter Samuel Chao Chung Ting Baruch Samuel Blumberg Daniel Carleton Gajdusek Saul Bellow 1977 Amnesty International Ilya Prigogine Philip W. Anderson Sir Nevill F. Mott John H. Van Vleck Rosalyn S. Yalow Roger C. L. Guillemin Andrew V. Schally Vicente Aleixandre 1978 Menachem Begin Anwar al-Sadat Peter Mitchell Peter Kapitza Arno A. Penzias Robert W. Wilson Werner Arber Daniel Nathans Hamilton O. Smith Isaac Bashevis Singer 1979 Mother Teresa Herbert C. Brown Georg Wittig Steven Weinberg Sheldon L. Glashow Abdus Salam Allan Macleod Cormack Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield Odysseus Elytis 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel Paul Berg Walter Gilbert Frederick Sanger James W. Cronin Val L. Fitch Baruj Benacerraf George D. Snell Jean Dausset Czesław Miłosz 1981 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Kenichi Fukui Roald Hoffmann Nicolaas Bloembergen Arthur Schawlow Kai M. Siegbahn Roger W. Sperry David H. Hubel Torsten N. Wiesel Elias Canetti 1982 Alfonso García Robles Alva Myrdal Aaron Klug Kenneth G. Wilson Sune K. Bergström Bengt I. Samuelsson John R. Vane Gabriel García Márquez 1983 Lech Wałęsa Henry Taube Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar William A. Fowler Barbara McClintock William Golding 1984 Desmond Tutu R. Bruce Merrifield Carlo Rubbia Simon van der Meer Cesar Milstein George J. F. Köhler Niels K. Jerne Jaroslav Seifert 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Herbert A. Hauptman Jerome Karle Klaus von Klitzing Michael S. Brown Joseph L. Goldstein Claude Simon 1986 Elie Wiesel Dudley R. Herschbach Yuan T. Lee John C. Polanyi Ernst Ruska Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer Rita Levi-Montalcini Stanley Cohen Wole Soyinka 1987 Oscar Arias Sánchez Donald J. Cram Charles J. Pedersen Jean-Marie Lehn K. Alex Müller J. Georg Bednorz Susumu Tonegawa Joseph Brodsky 1988 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces Johann Deisenhofer Robert Huber Hartmut Michel Leon M. Lederman Melvin Schwartz Jack Steinberger Gertrude B. Elion George H. Hitchings Sir James Black Naguib Mahfouz 1989 Dalai Lama Thomas R. Cech Sidney Altman Norman F. Ramsey Hans G. Dehmelt Wolfgang Paul J. Michael Bishop Harold E. Varmus Camilo José Cela 1990 Mikhail S. Gorbachev Elias James Corey Richard E. Taylor Jerome I. Friedman Henry W. Kendall Joseph E. Murray E. Donnall Thomas Octavio Paz 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi Richard R. Ernst Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Edwin Neher Bert Sakmann Nadine Gordimer 1992 Rigoberta Menchú Rudolph A. Marcus Georges Charpak Edmond H. Fischer Edwin G. Krebs Derek Walcott 1993 F. W. de Klerk Nelson Mandela Kary B. Mullis Michael Smith Russell A. Hulse Joseph H. Taylor, Jr. Richard J. Roberts Phillip A. Sharp Toni Morrison 1994 Yasir Arafat Shimon Peres Yitzhak Rabin George A. Olah Clifford G. Shull Bertram N. Brockhouse Alfred G. Gilman Martin Rodbell Kenzaburo Oe 1995 Joseph Rotblat Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs Paul Crutzen F. Sherwood Rowland Mario Molina Martin L. Perl Frederick Reines Edward B. Lewis Eric F. Wieschaus Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Seamus Heaney 1996 Carlos Belo José Ramos-Horta Richard E. Smalley Robert F. Curl, Jr. Sir Harold W. Kroto David M. Lee Robert C. Richardson Douglas D. Osheroff Peter C. Doherty Rolf M. Zinkernagel Wisława Szymborska 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines Jody Williams Paul D. Boyer Jens C. Skou John E. Walker Steven Chu William D. Phillips Claude Cohen-Tannoudji Stanley B. Prusiner Dario Fo 1998 John Hume David Trimble Walter Kohn John A. Pople Robert B. Laughlin Horst L. Störmer Daniel C. Tsui Robert F. Furchgott Louis J. Ignarro Ferid Murad José Saramago 1999 Doctors Without Borders Ahmed H. Zewail Martinus J. G. Veltman Gerardus 't Hooft Günter Blobel Günter Grass 2000 Kim Dae Jung Alan J. Heeger Alan G. MacDiarmid Hideki Shirakawa Zhores I. Alferov Herbert Kroemer Jack S. Kilby Arvid Carlsson Paul Greengard Eric Kandel Gao Xingjian 2001 United Nations Kofi Annan William S. Knowles Ryoji Noyori K. Barry Sharpless Eric A. Cornell Wolfgang Ketterle Carl E. Wieman Leland H. Hartwell R. Timothy Hunt Sir Paul M. Nurse V. S. Naipaul 2002 Jimmy Carter John B. Fenn Koichi Tanaka Kurt Wüthrich Raymond Davis, Jr. Masatoshi Koshiba Riccardo Giacconi Sydney Brenner H. Robert Horvitz John E. Sulston Imre Kertész 2003 Shirin Ebadi Peter C. Agre Roderick MacKinnon Alexei A. Abrikosov Vitaly L. Ginzburg Anthony J. Leggett Paul C. Lauterbur Sir Peter Mansfield J. M. Coetzee 2004 Wangari Maathai Aaron Ciechanover Avram Hershko Irwin Rose David J. Gross H. David Politzer Frank Wilczek Richard Axel Linda B. Buck Elfriede Jelinek 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency Mohamed ElBaradei Yves Chauvin Robert H. Grubbs Richard R. Schrock Roy J. Glauber John L. Hall Theodor W. Hänsch Barry J. Marshall J. Robin Warren Harold Pinter 2006 Muhammad Yunus Grameen Bank Roger Kornberg John C. Mather George F. Smoot Andrew Z. Fire Craig C. Mello Orhan Pamuk 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Albert Arnold Gore, Jr. Gerhard Ertl Albert Fert Peter Grünberg Mario R. Capecchi Sir Martin J. 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