To give in to this demand of 'soil and water' would be equivalent to surrendering the nation and it's people to Persian control : it meant to surrender .
The initial Persian expansion was against the cities of Mesopotamia.
At Marathon and Salamis, the Greek cities defeated the Persian forces. At Thermopylai the Persian forces defeated the Greek cities.
Advanced cities of Ancient Persia were the Persepolis, Susa, and the Ecbatana. Persepolis was the capital of the Persian kingdom.
First they bribed the aristocracies of the northern Greek cities to join them. Then they used their fleet to threaten the southern Greek cities which kept their armies at home to protect themselves against amphibious invasion. They then planned to defeat the Greek fleet to ensure the cities continued to keep their armies at home and not unite, so the Persian army could pick the cities off one at a time. The Greek plan was to destroy the Persian fleet o remove the amphibious threat and collapse the Persian sea resupply system. As their fleet destroyed the Persian one at Salamis, the Persian plan went astray, and with no amphibious threat, the Greek cities were able to send out their armies to unite and defeat the Persian army (of which half was sent home as they could not be resupplied) at Plataea. Two good strategies, the Greek one triumphed because of the sea victory at Salamis. If the Persians had won there, the result would have been reversed.
The anti-Persian alliance formed after the 479 BCE defeat of the Xerxes invasion.Athens took over leadership of this alliance and assessed contributions from the cities, which could be paid in warships or money. Most cities preferred the latter, and so Athens had an unchallenged superior navy, which was used to enforce the contributions. So the character of the alliance changed from a free association for defence to an empire paying tribute. Pericles is recorded as openly saying it was an empire.
Tribute from subject cities, tribes and principalities were replaced by taxes levied on ports, internal trade, sales, and also on states, fields, gardens, flocks and minesHe established 20 provinces and each Persian provincial governor was made responsible to collect the taxes.
To prevent Persian takeover of the Greek cities in Europe as had already happened to the Greek cities in Asia.
tribute was payed to the triangle cities by the defeated lower cities
The Persian Empire had 4 capital cities in 500 BC - Babylon, Persepolis, Ecbatana, and Susa.
The initial Persian expansion was against the cities of Mesopotamia.
Kuwait City, Kuwait; Doha, Qatar; and Abu Dhabi, UAE are all capital cities that border on the Persian Gulf.
that they were agents to the gods
All of them, so he could take over all of the Persian Empire.
At Marathon and Salamis, the Greek cities defeated the Persian forces. At Thermopylai the Persian forces defeated the Greek cities.
Some of the Greek city-states joined with Persia, the southern cities opposed the Persian attempt to absorb them into the Persian empire.
The Greek cities within the Persian Empire revolted and were put down. Athens and Eretria from peninsular Greece intervened, embroiling the Greek cities of mainland Greece. The Persian king became convinced that the only way to ensure peace was to bring all the Greek cities under his control.
The Greek cities in Asia revolted against Persian rule, supported by their mother cities in mainland Greece. The Persians put down the revolt and decided that they could only maintain peace by getting control of the mainland cities under a Persian governor. Some submitted, others decided to fight.