The Persian king Darius became convinced that the only way to ensure peace around the western part of his empire was to take control of all the Greek city-states and appoint local tyrants to keep them quiet, under overall control of a Persian provincial governor. Many of the Greek cities resisted and were led by Sparta and Athens in resisting this.
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The Persian Empire .
during the greeco-persian war...
Sparta and Athens were amongst a large number of Greek city-states which opposed the Persian invasion.
They were already allies, Sparta having supported the establishment of the democratic regime in Athens. When the Persians sent the punitive expedition against Athens for interfering in Asia Minor, Athens called on Sparta for support, however the Spartans arrived to late to join in the battle at Marathon. With the Persian decision to take over all the Greek city-states, the cities had the option of either agree, as did some of the cities, or fight against it. Sparta and Athens both agreed to join with the city-states which resisted.
The city-states of Athens and Sparta joined forces along with the other southern Greek city-states to defeat the Persian invasion in 480-479 BCE, however they were not enemies - they were allies before and after the Persian invasion. Sparta had offered support to Athens against the Persian attack on Athens a decade before that, and Athens supported the Spartans when Messenia revolted against Spartan rule twenty years after the Persian invasion. Not exactly enemies. They became enemies when Athens set out to dominate the Greek world, resulting in the Spartan-led Peloponnesian League and Athens and its new empire clashed in a destructive Peloponnesian War 431-404 BCE. Athens lost, was stripped of its empire and became a second rate power.
Persian Empire.
Alliances in Greece changed. For example several times Sparta and Athens fought on the same side, at others on opposing sides. Similarly at times Sparta and Thebes fought together, at other times were opponents. Generally Sparta was allied to other Doric city-states, though again this was not a hard and fast rule. And although Persia was usually an opponent of the Greek city-states, it was Persian financial support which enabled Sparta and its allies to get a competent fleet in the Peloponnesian War and defeat Athens.
Athens is defeated by Sparta .
Sparta
During the Peloponnesian War between Athens and its empire and the Peloponesian League led by Sparta, the Peloponnesian League received assistance from the Persian Empire which wanted to remove the intrusion of Athes into the Persian Empire via the Greek cities in Asia Minor which it had controlled. The defeat of Athens left these cities exposed and Persia was able to resume control of them and restore peace within its boundaries.
In academics, Athens was better. When it came to fighting, Sparta was better.
Sparta and its allies and Athens and its allies fought for domiance. The Spartan side won with Persian assistance.