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I'm not sure if any new form of religion emerged in the Byzantine Empire or in Russia. Orthodox Christianity is at least as old as is Catholism, as they diverged from each other in 1054, from the same Catholic-Orthodox roots. It is somewhat possible that the Catholic-Orthodox antecedent is not as old as gnosticism, but it certainly dates from long before the beginning of the Byzantine Empire.

In some respects, the Orthodox Church is closer to earlier Christian beliefs than is the Roman Catholic Church, for example in accepting the Nicene Creed in its original form, without the later addition of the filioque clause.

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Q: Why did a new form of Christianity emerge in the Byzantine Empire and Russia?
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