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Great Britain and Prussia were among four powers who signed a Treaty in 1837 guaranteeing the perpetual neutrality and independence of Belgium. Prussia later became part of Germany, when Germany united into a nation.

After the French lost the Franco-Prussian War, they sought an alliance with Russia. This made the Germans nervous, because they had now to plan for a two-front war. If they went to war with France, they would also have to fight the Russians, and vice versa. Russia was huge but it would take time for them to fully mobilize, which involved calling up all the men in the reserves and getting them on trains to where they needed to be. Therefor the Germans planned to defeat France quickly in the event that war came with either. Then the Germans could turn their attention to Russia, which would just be getting fully mobilized. For a generation before WWI German Army officers had worked on plans for the quick defeat of France. What they arrived at was a plan to invade France by going through Belgium. This would allow them to outflank - to go around - the French defenses at their border with Germany.

So in 1914 this was what the Germans did. The British immediately protested, and pointed out that Germany as well as Great Britain had obligations to Belgium under the 1837 Treaty. The German foreign minister, cynically and scornfully, called the Treaty a "scrap of paper". The British honored their obligation to Belgium and entered the war against Germany.

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