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Small farmers were peasant farmers; that is, they worked on family farms worked by family labour whose aim was production for the subsistence of the family. The large landed estates were commercial. They were cultivated for sales and profit and were owned by the richest men.

After the Second Punic War (218-201 BC) many peasants lost their land. Many small farms were ravaged by Hannibal's forces during his invasion of Italy and many more were neglected due to the peasants' prolonged military service during that war. The owners of large landed estates took advantage of this to buy land on the cheap from distressed peasants. They were also advantaged by the abundant supply of slave labour created by the war (slaves were war captives). The majority of slaves were bought by rich landlords and were employed in the fields of the large estates. This abundant supply of labour facilitated the expansion of the estates. This trend continued and Rome was flooded by dispossessed peasants who migrated there to eke out a living, swelling the masses of the poor.

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Q: Why did small farmers find it hard to compete with the large estates?
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As Rome grew, many Rome's rich landowners lived on huge estates. Small farmers found it difficult to compete with the large estates. So a large number of them old their lands to wealthy landowners. They became poor and jobless. So if they limited the size of the roman estates, the small farmers wouldn't have to sell lands and become poor.


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