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their translation of ancient Greek writings preserved ancient knowledge
They translated books from Latin and Greek languages. They established schools and universities in Baghdad, Kufa, Cairo, Cordova and many other cities. Students from European countries came to these universities and sought knowledge and then spread it to their countries.
The Abbassids spent a lot to create the Universities and Libraries of Baghdad where scholars brought writings from all across the Caliphate in different languages and had them translated meticulously into Arabic. Other scholars could then come to the school who spoke Arabic and read these texts, copy them, and bring them home anywhere in the Empire. Eventually, when Spain began to be reconquered by the Christians, Toledo housed a library of the same type where Jews and Mozarabes (Arab-cultured Christians) translated the Arabic translations into Latin, preserving the Ancient Greek and Roman knowledge.
No, it is not. It is a name of a bird known by Ancient Egyptians.
In the early days of Islam, while there was a certain priority on lesser jihad, which is the spread and protection of the faith, by violent means if necessary, the primary focus was on greater jihad, or the internal struggle with oneself. Part of that was the gaining of "ilm", "knowledge". When Islam spread to a new land, it was common for the new Muslim rulers to gather the texts of that land, translate them into Arabic, and disseminate that information to all his Islamic brethren, protecting that knowledge. This knowledge was also furthered by the application and connection of concepts learned from ancient documents. For instance, Muslim mathematicians applied Indic numerals, the decimal system, and the concept of "zero" (from India) to Euclid's Geometry (from Greece) and created the science of algebra. They were also among the first to scientifically study the heavens, based on observations made by ancient astrologers, astronomers, and geographers, which is why many of the stars carry Arabic names. Later, during Late Medieval and Renaissance periods in Europe, these texts were translated back into European languages (which is why, where many historical texts are concerned, there is some controversy about mistranslation. At the point that some of these texts came back to Europe, they were on their 3rd, 4th, or 5th translation between languages.)
The Muslim world preserved more ancient knowledge due to several factors. One, Islamic societies placed a strong emphasis on education and learning, leading to the establishment of universities and libraries. Two, the translation movement, which involved translating Greek, Persian, and Indian manuscripts into Arabic, facilitated the preservation and dissemination of knowledge. Three, Muslim scholars actively engaged in scientific, philosophical, and mathematical pursuits, building upon and preserving the knowledge of previous civilizations.
Ancient Roman knowledge was preserved. Ancient Greek knowledge was preserved. Non-Muslim historical information was preserved
While the Greek and Roman sources of knowledge were forgotten (either actively or passively) in Christian Europe, Muslim leaders gathered them in Baghdad and Cordoba and translated them into Arabic. When European states were once again mentally ready for this information, they were able to acquire it effortlessly from the Muslims who had held onto it in the interim.
their translation of ancient Greek writings preserved ancient knowledge
Astronomy was significant in ancient civilizations. In Islam, it was recognized as having scientific principles, and helped them in determining where to face the qiblah and their praying times.
Muslim scholars passed on their knowledge to their children and the next generations thus. But mainly they preserved their writings and books in the form of great libraries. They translated the work of various teachers and wrote new books with the advancement in time.
In the early days of Islam, while there was a certain priority on lesser jihad, which is the spread and protection of the faith, by violent means if necessary, the primary focus was on greater jihad, or the internal struggle with oneself. Part of that was the gaining of "ilm", "knowledge". When Islam spread to a new land, it was common for the new Muslim rulers to gather the texts of that land, translate them into Arabic, and disseminate that information to all his Islamic brethren, protecting that knowledge. This knowledge was also furthered by the application and connection of concepts learned from ancient documents. For instance, Muslim mathematicians applied Indic numerals, the decimal system, and the concept of "zero" (from India) to Euclid's Geometry (from Greece) and created the science of algebra. They were also among the first to scientifically study the heavens, based on observations made by ancient astrologers, astronomers, and geographers, which is why many of the stars carry Arabic names. Later, during Late Medieval and Renaissance periods in Europe, these texts were translated back into European languages (which is why, where many historical texts are concerned, there is some controversy about mistranslation. At the point that some of these texts came back to Europe, they were on their 3rd, 4th, or 5th translation between languages.)
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In the Muslim religion, the Ulama were a people who possessed religious knowledge, particularly knowledge about the Islamic faith.
Typically by going to the mosque and praying.
Answer 1Muslim society was strong, while European society faltered. (Apex)Answer 2It was a question of priorities. Europe in the Middle Ages was a pious society. As a result, intellectuals and their writings were burned. Science and math were viewed with skepticism and as such there was no effort devoted to maintaining those things. Meanwhile, Islam during the same period was a more open and relatively humanistic society. Muslims of that period, especially the Persians, had a long record of being open to new ideas and therefore openly discussed the Ancient traditions. The modern-day situation is reversed with the Muslim World embracing piety and the Western World embracing Humanism. As a result, the Western World is responsible for most current innovations and increases in science and math.As concerns other candidate civilizations, the Indian Civilizations were inconsistent and there were several occasions where India was wholly or partially overrun by outsiders who disregarded previous knowledge. The Chinese Civilization did a remarkable job at preserving its knowledge and it was more advanced than even the Muslim World in the Middle Ages. However, leadership in China became close-minded in the late 1400s and therefore their technological progress stalled.
Muslims maintained libraries, while European society struggled during the centuries following the collapse of the Roman Empire. This was called the dark ages because so much ancient learning was lost.