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There were about 200 Greek city-states within th Persian empire in Asia Minor and the Islands. These cities were never happy being under this control, and would appeal to their mother-cities in mainland Greece for support.

This interference brought Persian reprisals, and when a punitive expedition against Eretria and Athens was defeated at Marathon, the Persians resolved to bring the mainland cities within their empire to ensure peace within it.

The southern mainland Greeks resisted and drove back the Persian invasion, and thereafter formed a anti-Persian league from the Asian-Greek citie led by Athens to keep the cities free of Persian domination. After 50 years the Persians agreed to a peace under which they would leave the Asian cities alone.

Afternote: Opportunist Athens then turned this league into an empire of its own, so the Greek cities still didn't get their freedom until the Spartan-led Peloponnesian League defeated Athens and freed the cities.

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