Airplanes approach to a landing at an airspeed (relative speed of the aircraft passing through the air) recommended by the aircraft manufacturer. If an aircraft approaches too fast, it may not have enough runway to stop. If it approaches too slowly, there may not be enough air flow over the wing and the wing may stall, causing the wing to lose lift and the aircraft to descend or enter a spin. On larger aircraft, the approach airspeed varies according to the airplane weight at landing. An airplane approaching at 100 miles per hour into a 20 mile per hour headwind is traveling over the ground at only 80 miles per hour, resulting in a slower groundspeed at touchdown, requiring less runway and less braking to stop.
An aircraft taking off into a 20 mile per hour headwind will reach takeoff (rotation) airspeed in a shorter distance over-the-ground than an aircraft taking off in a calm wind or tailwind. With a headwind, the aircraft will also climb at a steeper angle, when compared to its movement over the ground, helping it climb over obstacles at the end of the runway.
they need less runway because the wind increases the airspeed relative to the plane
Yes, airplanes always fly into the wind. It decreases the length required to takeoff because the net airspeed over the wings is higher. Logistically though, sometimes airports won't swap directions for a wind speed that's relatively small.
Mostly they do, not always. It is more efficient to take off into wind.
If conditions (airport layout and traffic conditions) allow aircraft take off and land against the wind (headwind). This way the aircraft can take off or approach the runway at a lower ground speed.
If it can be helped always land and take off into the wind (wind in your face)
In general and not specifically Heathrow aircraft takeoff into the wind, this helps reduce the four flight problems of weight, drag, thrust and lift. I hope this answer helped
Abrasion.
Yes on the front wind screen.
No. An aircraft takes off and lands into the wind. (Or as close as possible to directly into the wind).
Some airplanes fly through hurricanes to get wind speeds etc.
one hundred wind turbines take up one kilometre of land
It's safer to land against the wind. When you do that, the wind speed is subtracted from your air speed to equal your ground speed. Just before you touch down, the ground is whizzing by under you slower, and after you touch down, you need less distance to slow down and stop.
Jetstream