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No. It is not an interference motor, and it should not be harmed by the belt breaking.
That is the $10,000.00 question. I give husqvarna and sears low, low failing grades for making this so difficult to find a answer/diagram to such a simple question.
Breaking of lawn mower belts is typically caused by 1 of several things. The first possibility is that there is an obstruction causing the blade to be stuck. If you don't clean out under the deck, the first run in the spring can cause the old dried grass to fall off under the deck and break a belt. I wore out a belt in one cutting because a stick got caught up on top of the deck and was rubbing the belt. The second possibility is that the blade spindle bearings are worn out causing the blade not to turn, or turn slowly wearing the belt out. The third reason is that the belts are out of alignment. This most likely happens if you have recently had to replace something else like a pulley stack, idler pulley, a spindle or the spindle bearings. If you typically cut with the blade all the way up or all the way down, the belt will ride at the extremes on the pulleys and wear faster. Most people cut at a setting in the middle, but cutting at the extremes, may cause additional belt wear.
The belt tensioner is probably bad.
The belt tensioner probably needs to be replaced - about $110 @ PepBoys. Check the alignment of all pulleys. If something isn't aligned properly the belt will keep breaking.
Reasons: Cheap Belt Too tight
either the belt is worn to the point of breaking or its very loose
The belt breaking would have no effect on the sensors, but it may have bent the valves. That would cause a no start.The belt breaking would have no effect on the sensors, but it may have bent the valves. That would cause a no start.
getting old and cracking, then breaking
In the TAGB, black belt students can take part in breaking - coloured belts cannot.
Timing belt is close to breaking ....or belt is out of adjustment
Make sure the timing belt is actually moving. The teeth can strip off an old belt with out it breaking.