Goose down quilts are filled with bird feathers, thus the name.
You are referring to a feather shuttlecock. It contains 16 goose feathers all in all. Since you are just asking for the number of feathers, then I guess my answer is already complete.
goose feathers...
A goose is a bird.
They are the feathers from a goose that has been molting, and they were used in the old days to make writing instruments. Centuries ago, people did not have ballpoint pens nor colored markers. The way to write was to create a pen by using the feathers of a large bird. Goose feathers were especially popular, and goose quill pens (which were then dipped into an ink well) were a very common writing instrument. I enclose a link to an article about how goose-quill pens were made and why people liked them.
The number of feathers a bird has is largely influenced by a) its size (although this does not mean that the largest bird has the most feathers), b) where it lives and c) which season of the year it is. Feathers provide warmth and insulation, birds in colder climates have more feathers. That's why "moulting" occurs during the warmer months, when excess feathers and downy, underlying feathers drop out. The bird with the most feathers is the Whistling Swan Cygnus columbianus which can have up to 25,000 feathers during Winter. The bird with the smallest number of feathers is the Ruby Hummingbird Archilochus colubris with only 940 feathers altogether.
A pigeon is a medium to large bird with grey feathers that is often seen in towns. Pigeons roost on building ledges and wherever else they can find a level spot high up to roost.
Ah, feathers. A beautiful thing, they are. They provide insulation by heat by trapping heat. If a bird is cold, it will generally fluff up it's feathers in order to capture heat. If it's cold, it'll slick them down to get rid of excess heat.
how the feathers protect the bird
As far as we know, there is no bird living without feathers.
how the feathers protect the bird
It will not be able to fly with no feathers. Feathers keep a bird warm. If its feathers are gone it will die of cold. Most importantly feathers help a bird to escape from predators.
Geese have a hole in each side of their head which is their ear...just like humans do but we have an ear shell surrounding ours. The hole for the ear is covered by feathers thats's why you can't see it. A goose's hearing, though, is far, far superior to a humans.