Rocks wear away because slowly,wind/water take away tiny pieces of dust and slowly it gets worn away.
Any rocks can be "damaged" by freezing
Any rocks can be "damaged" by freezing
No. Weathering and erosion can change them and they can of course get damaged and crack. If they are in the sea, that can affect them. It can be a long and slow process, but rocks do change.
They could have been damaged by hitting rocks. They could also have been damaged if the landed on a place where one of the legs of the module went into a hole. So it was important for them to find a flat clear area to land.
Not much to the beach itself. Some sand and rocks may be lifted into the air and structres along the beach may be damaged or destroyed.
The atmosphere should have the greatest impact on the other Earth spheres if the atmosphere were catastrophically damaged. If the atmosphere turned poisonous or something, most living organisms will die. So, this damaged air will affect the biosphere. So, with the biosphere damaged from the atmosphere, it will affect the lithosphere. The affected lithosphere would obviously ruin the rocks and minerals on the Earth. With both lithosphere and atmosphere damaged, the hydrosphere would become damaged also because of the poisonous air and a non-healthy Earth.
Tends to be sedimentary rocks; a lot of sedimentary rock is weak and water can easily seep through cracks or be absorbed if permeable. The water contained freezes, expanding the cracks or pressure within the rock, breaking it.
Beacuase the cushion starfish has 1000's of little suckers underneath, they stick to the rocks and they are so strong that the waves can't pull them off the rocks, but if we come along and rip it off the rocks, that damaged the cushion starfish.
America, 840 lbs. The Russians brought back less than would fill a Coke can, and an additional 20 lbs. of Moon rock (severely damaged by Earth's atmosphere) was found on the ice in Antarctica, long after Apollo. In fact, it was only by comparison with the Apollo rocks that these scorched and melted rocks, damaged by Earth's atmosphere, the heat of entry, and the water in Earth's environment, were determined to be of lunar origin.
He worked for years in a hard labor camp, breaking limestone into rocks. The limestone was white and reflected the sun's glare. Over years, this severely and permanently damaged his eyes.
If they're sufficiently small, it is probably possible (though I strongly recommend not attempting it, regardless - odds are high enough that something will get damaged as it goes through that it's a bad idea to risk it).
No. Something is either damaged or it isn't.