To slow itself down using the earth's atmosphere and align itself for reentry. Also probably to calculate re-entry tragectories.
No. The space shuttle is built for low Earth orbit, not moon landings.
Space shuttles are not designed to go to other planets, they stay in a near earth orbit, orbiting earth several times in a mission before returning back to earth. They don't really go far from our planet.
None yet. We have not sent one out of low earth orbit even.
There is no air in space
No. No space shuttle was ever built to leave orbit around Earth. The New Horizons space probe, an unmanned spacecraft, flew past Pluto in July 2015.
The shuttle is launched like a spacecraft, flies in space , earth orbit, but it lands like a plane on the runway, it is usable spacecraft.
The time from the de-orbit burn which slows the shuttle so it can be captured by earth's gravity until it lands on the runway is approximately one hour.
The shuttle never leaves Earth orbit, it simply goes into orbit and then returns. Moving to a higher orbit requires additional speed and manuevering, as when visiting the ISS.
No. It is in low earth orbit.
Space Shuttle Atlantis.
The second Shuttle into orbit was the Challenger; the first was Columbiachallenger, June 1983
More information on Space Shuttlehttp://www.onestopsolver.com/space-shuttle-orbit-flight-path.html
The earth's mass has no effect on its orbit. An astronaut on a "space walk" hovering over the space shuttle's cargo bay is in the same earth-orbit as the shuttle itself is, although his mass is much less than the shuttle's mass. At the same time, the shuttle and the astronaut are both in the same solar orbit as the earth is, although each of them has quite a bit less mass than the earth has.
Challenger.
No. The space shuttle can only reach low Earth orbit.
Thermosphere
17,500 mph