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The 240 volt service to your home feeds from the output from a transformer that is somewhere nearby. The transformer has what is called a "center tap", meaning that one half of the output feeds one side of the 120 service and the other half of the output feeds the other side.

Together, the two halves of the transformer output gives you the 240 volts that you have available.

Technically, a single breaker could be used to detect an over-current condition, but that would leave the other side of a circuit live, resulting in a serious electrocution hazard.

Safety standards require that both halves of a 240V circuit be protected using a ganged breaker; when one side trips, they both shut off resulting in a safer environment for you.

Electrical panel layout

On a electrical panel boards the wiring numbers go from left to right, top to bottom. There are 2 hot legs coming into the panel. L1 and L2. Breakers on L1 are 1,2,5,6,9,10. Breakers on L2 are 3,4,7,8,11,12. This is a 12 circuit board. This configuration allows every two adjacent breakers to connect to 240 volts. Example 1 and 3, 3 and 5, 5 and 7, 7 and 9, 9 and 11. Same with the even number side. So you see that a two pole breaker connects across the two hot legs L1 and L2 no matter where it is on the panel board. Any of these breakers on a panel board to the neutral will give you 120 volts no matter if the supply leg is L1 or L2. Just remember L1 to Neutral equals 120 volts, L2 to Neutral equals 120 volts, L1 to L2 equals 240 volts. The amperage of a breaker is a limit of the amount of amperage it will allow to pass before it will trip. The wire has to be the right size for the breaker. Under sized wire will heat up if more current is applied to it that its rating will allow.

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Q: Why is 220 volts not achived off of 1 pole in breaker box?
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