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During the Middle Ages, both Islamic and Christian societies had access to the works of Aristotle (meaning Greek philosophy/logic). The philosophical tradition allows one to seek truth through reasoning, not simply through revelation/faith (religion). This can be threatening to religious faith. But in Christian society, St. Thomas Aquinas was able to synthesize the works of Aristotle with Christian theology. In short, he made it ok to have faith and reason, science and religion. The Islamic civilization was (for various reasons) unable to do this...in fact, many Islamic scholars of Aristotle were driven out of Muslim lands. A good number ended up in Italy....one of the things that sparked the Renaissance.

The ability (or inability) to integrate Greek philosophy and logic into the religious system marks a turning point for the Islamic/Christian societies. During much of the Middle Ages, Europe was the technological backwater. But when they were able to work Aristotle into their faith (just as Islam was purging it from theirs), the tide turned.

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Q: Why is Muslim society 200 years behind the modern world?
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