Short answer. Plate tectonics.
The earths' crust is divided into several sections, commonly called tectonic plates. These move, albeit slowly. Where the press together, you get a mountain range, and also earthquakes. Where they meet you also tend to get volcanic activity, as is the case for the west coast and Japan, both part of the "ring of fire".
Additionally, Hawaii is situated over a "hot spot" in the mantle. This hot spot is the source of the heat for the volcanic activity that formed the Hawaiian chain.
At sea level.
30%
About 70%
There is no absolute measure for potential energy. The calculation for potential energy depends on the chosen reference level. Quite often, the Earth's surface is chosen as the reference level - in this case, an object on the surface will have zero potential energy.
elevation
a) constructive forces build up the land at the same time
Earth's surface is located in the troposphere. You will find it at ground level.
Weathering and erosion tend to level out crater features, whether impact or volcanic, over time. The atmosphere also protects the surface from many meteor impact events, by burning them up before they strike.
That depends on what reference level you have chosen. If the (arbitrary) reference level you chose is Earth's surface, then anything on the Earth's surface has zero potential energy. If you choose some higher reference level, an object on Earth's surface has a negative potential energy. If you choose a lower reference level, an object on Earth's surface would have a positive potential energy.
At sea level.
30%
Plains.
About 70%
The acceleration of gravity at the 'surface' of Jupiter is 2.639 times its value at the Earth's surface.
a plateu
There is no absolute measure for potential energy. The calculation for potential energy depends on the chosen reference level. Quite often, the Earth's surface is chosen as the reference level - in this case, an object on the surface will have zero potential energy.
Elevation