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If we're talking about in-circuit diagnostics and measurements with the device powered on (like it oftentimes is with TV sets, or at least used to be), the light bulb serves a dual purpose:

a) the bulb acts as a huge resistor capable of dissipating (as light) great quantities of power (unlike typical resistors which go up to say, 7W, a light bulb could be even 100W) - thereby protecting critical components from burning

b) the second purpose is to be a kind of warning: in most typical devices, inrush current notwithstanding, the power consumption will be such that the bulb will not light up to its full brightness. If it does, it is usually indicative of a short circuit in the device (most likely in the power supply circuit, or the primary HV circuit such as those of CRT TVs)

If we're, however, talking about ANY light bulb, even a LED light, typically included in the design, then its inclusion in the circuit is indicative: it simply informs the user that the device has power applied to it, and serves as a cautionary sign.

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