In winter, when the atmospheric temperature starts falling well below 0 degree C, the water at the surface of a tank or ocean initially at temperature of 4 degree C beings to radiate heat to the atmosphere, so the temperature of water starts falling. When the temperature of water at the surface falls, water contracts, so its density increases and therefore it sinks to the bottom. This continues till the temperature of the entire water reaches to 4 degree C.
In short this happens due to anomalous expansion of water.
surface of the ocean
Surface?
0 mm. When you watch the tide go out and see rocks emerge, the ocean bottom is now at the ocean surface.
the ocean-bottom
Surface
The opposite of bottom would be the top, so the oceans surface is the opposite of the ocean floor/bottom.
surface
From its Wikipedia page: "Being the densest water mass of the World Ocean, AABW is found to occupy the depth range below 4000 m of all ocean basins that have a connection to the Southern Ocean at that level." The Southern Ocean freezes at about a depth of eight to 12 feet during the winter months, which is not deep enough to freeze the bottom water.
The antonym is bottom.
During winter, the sea ice of the Southern Ocean freezes to the extent that it appears to double the size of Antarctica.
yes
The Southern Ocean freezes in winter. This ocean surrounds Antarctica. It is open water in other seasons, but generally filled with icebergs.